The photovoltaic effect whereby solar energy is converted to electrical energy was first discovered by Becquerel in a liquid electrolyte. All photovoltaic materials have discontinuities or marked ...

Download this article in PDF format. It’s now common to see circuit boards that carry hundreds of amps, especially in intensive data-processing applications, electric vehicles, and ac distribution.

The energy market transformation to distributed generation is happening rapidly. Renewable energy sources such as wind, solar and biogas are ever increasing in the generation mix. It is now estimated ...

Brushless dc motors have the advantages of high reliability and smaller size, but the absence of brushes can pose challenges. One challenge is the requirement for electronic commutation and control, ...